Eye On Housing

National Association of Home Builders Economic Research Blog

Research Studies

Research posts explore special research topics including trends, policies, and emerging issues in housing—separate from regular data releases or in-depth studies.   View all studies

Age of Housing Stock by State
Age of Housing Stock by State
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According to the latest data from the 2024 American Community Survey (ACS), the median age of owner-occupied homes has reached 42 years old. The age of the housing stock is ...
Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
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Demolition Activity Slows Down But Remains Above Pre-Pandemic Levels
Demolition Activity Slows Down But Remains Above Pre-Pandemic Levels
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Explore research organized by topic. Note that these categories are not all-encompassing: see all studies for the complete collection. View all studies

Construction Occupations and Wages
States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages, 2025
States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages, 2025
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Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2024
Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2024
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Fringe Benefits Add 18% to Home Building Payroll
Fringe Benefits Add 18% to Home Building Payroll
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The Rise of White-Collar Jobs in Construction
The Rise of White-Collar Jobs in Construction
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States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages, 2024
States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages, 2024
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Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2023
Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2023
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Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2022
Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2022
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States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages
States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages
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States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages
States with Highest and Fastest Rising Construction Wages
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Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2021
Highest Paid Occupations in Construction in 2021
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Median Age of Construction Labor Force Holds at 42 
Median Age of Construction Labor Force Holds at 42 
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Hispanics Comprise Nearly One-Third of the Construction Labor Force 
Hispanics Comprise Nearly One-Third of the Construction Labor Force 
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Women in Construction Reach Highest Share in Two Decades
Women in Construction Reach Highest Share in Two Decades
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States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2023
States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2023
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Immigrant Share in Construction Sets New Record
Immigrant Share in Construction Sets New Record
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Hispanics Comprise 31% of the Construction Workforce
Hispanics Comprise 31% of the Construction Workforce
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Texas, California, and Florida Lead in Hiring Female Construction Workers
Texas, California, and Florida Lead in Hiring Female Construction Workers
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States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2022
States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2022
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Immigrant Share in Construction Highest on Record
Immigrant Share in Construction Highest on Record
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More Women Working in Construction in 2022
More Women Working in Construction in 2022
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Age Distribution of the Construction Labor Force
Age Distribution of the Construction Labor Force
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The Median Age of the Construction Workforce
The Median Age of the Construction Workforce
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States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2021
States and Construction Trades Most Reliant on Immigrant Workers, 2021
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Immigrants in Construction: Post-Pandemic Trends
Immigrants in Construction: Post-Pandemic Trends
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More Women Working in Construction in 2021
More Women Working in Construction in 2021
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Immigrants Can Have Substantial Impact on Housing Demand
Immigrants Can Have Substantial Impact on Housing Demand
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Most Home Builders are Small Businesses
Most Home Builders are Small Businesses
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Builders’ Use of Artificial Intelligence
Builders’ Use of Artificial Intelligence
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AI’s Role in Reshaping Employment: From Theory to Home Building Sector Impacts
AI’s Role in Reshaping Employment: From Theory to Home Building Sector Impacts
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Home Building Employment across States and Congressional Districts in 2023
Home Building Employment across States and Congressional Districts in 2023
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Construction Self-Employment Stable at 23%
Construction Self-Employment Stable at 23%
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Where Residential Construction Thrives: Metro Area Hotspots for Jobs and Businesses
Where Residential Construction Thrives: Metro Area Hotspots for Jobs and Businesses
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Construction Self-Employment at 23%
Construction Self-Employment at 23%
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Home Building Employment across States and Congressional Districts in 2021
Home Building Employment across States and Congressional Districts in 2021
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Construction Self-Employment Rises Post Pandemic
Construction Self-Employment Rises Post Pandemic
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Employment Loss and Post-COVID Recovery Across U.S. Metro Areas
Employment Loss and Post-COVID Recovery Across U.S. Metro Areas
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How COVID-19 Reshaped the U.S. Labor Market and Housing Demand
How COVID-19 Reshaped the U.S. Labor Market and Housing Demand
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Beyond the Official Unemployment Rate: A Deep Dive into U.S. Unemployment
Beyond the Official Unemployment Rate: A Deep Dive into U.S. Unemployment
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Who’s Still Working from Home in 2025? A Look at America’s Telework Trends
Who’s Still Working from Home in 2025? A Look at America’s Telework Trends
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People Not in the Labor Force
People Not in the Labor Force
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Demographic Analysis of Labor Force Participation Rate
Demographic Analysis of Labor Force Participation Rate
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Travel Time to Work Across Congressional Districts
Travel Time to Work Across Congressional Districts
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Share of Remote Workers Increases Despite Drop in Weekly Teleworked Hours
Share of Remote Workers Increases Despite Drop in Weekly Teleworked Hours
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Housing Shortage
The Size of the Housing Shortage: 2024 Data
The Size of the Housing Shortage: 2024 Data
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The Size of the Housing Shortage: 2021 Data
The Size of the Housing Shortage: 2021 Data
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What Do Vacancy Rates Tell Us about the Shortage of Housing?
What Do Vacancy Rates Tell Us about the Shortage of Housing?
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Where Renters and Owners Face the Highest Cost Burdens
Where Renters and Owners Face the Highest Cost Burdens
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Housing Cost Burdens Across Congressional Districts
Housing Cost Burdens Across Congressional Districts
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Young Adult Headship Rates in 2024: Cyclical Slip or New Equilibrium?
Young Adult Headship Rates in 2024: Cyclical Slip or New Equilibrium?
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U.S. Population Growth Slows in 2025
U.S. Population Growth Slows in 2025
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Affordability Impacts: Young Adults Are Once Again Moving Back Home
Affordability Impacts: Young Adults Are Once Again Moving Back Home
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House Sharing is Not Just for Young Adults
House Sharing is Not Just for Young Adults
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Moving Out of Parental Homes is On Hold
Moving Out of Parental Homes is On Hold
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U.S. Population Grows at Highest Rate Since 2001
U.S. Population Grows at Highest Rate Since 2001
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Share of Young Adults Living with Parents by Congressional District
Share of Young Adults Living with Parents by Congressional District
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Owner-Occupied Single-Family Housing Units Across Congressional Districts
Owner-Occupied Single-Family Housing Units Across Congressional Districts
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Homeownership Rates of Family Households
Homeownership Rates of Family Households
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Rising Homeownership Rate for Multigenerational Households
Rising Homeownership Rate for Multigenerational Households
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Young Adults Living with Parents: State Differences
Young Adults Living with Parents: State Differences
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New CBO Population Estimates: Additional 8.9 Million People in 2053
New CBO Population Estimates: Additional 8.9 Million People in 2053
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Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity
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U.S. Population Growth Returns to Pre-Pandemic Levels
U.S. Population Growth Returns to Pre-Pandemic Levels
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Pandemic Silver Lining: Young Adults Moving Out of Parental Homes
Pandemic Silver Lining: Young Adults Moving Out of Parental Homes
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How Pandemic Changed Living Arrangements of Young Adults
How Pandemic Changed Living Arrangements of Young Adults
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Share of Young Adults Living with Parents Declined in 2021
Share of Young Adults Living with Parents Declined in 2021
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Headship Stabilizes During the Pandemic Housing Boom
Headship Stabilizes During the Pandemic Housing Boom
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Homeownership Rates for Young Adults
Homeownership Rates for Young Adults
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Minority Homeownership by Congressional District
Minority Homeownership by Congressional District
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State of Local Homeownership Prior to the Election
State of Local Homeownership Prior to the Election
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Homeownership Rates of Family Households
Homeownership Rates of Family Households
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Rising Homeownership Rate for Multigenerational Households
Rising Homeownership Rate for Multigenerational Households
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Examining Differences between Homeowner and Renter Wealth
Examining Differences between Homeowner and Renter Wealth
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Homeownership is Key to Household Wealth
Homeownership is Key to Household Wealth
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Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity
Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity
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Homeownership across US Counties
Homeownership across US Counties
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Affordability Pyramid Shows Over Half of U.S. Households Cannot Buy a $300,000 Home
Affordability Pyramid Shows Over Half of U.S. Households Cannot Buy a $300,000 Home
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A 25-Basis-Point Decline in the Mortgage Rate Prices-In 1.42 Million Households
A 25-Basis-Point Decline in the Mortgage Rate Prices-In 1.42 Million Households
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How Housing Affordability Conditions Vary Across States and Metro Areas
How Housing Affordability Conditions Vary Across States and Metro Areas
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How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
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Affordability Pyramid Shows 94 Million Households Cannot Buy a $400,000 Home 
Affordability Pyramid Shows 94 Million Households Cannot Buy a $400,000 Home 
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Lower Mortgage Rates, Better Affordability
Lower Mortgage Rates, Better Affordability
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How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
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Affordability Pyramid Shows 66.6 Million Households Cannot Buy a $250,000 Home
Affordability Pyramid Shows 66.6 Million Households Cannot Buy a $250,000 Home
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At 2022 Rates, 10 Million More Households Could Afford a New Home
At 2022 Rates, 10 Million More Households Could Afford a New Home
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How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
How Rising Costs Affect Home Affordability
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Affordability Pyramid Shows 64.8 Million Households Cannot Buy a $250,000 Home
Affordability Pyramid Shows 64.8 Million Households Cannot Buy a $250,000 Home
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Households Priced Out by Higher Interest Rates
Households Priced Out by Higher Interest Rates
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NAHB 2023 “Priced Out” Estimates – State and Local Estimates
NAHB 2023 “Priced Out” Estimates – State and Local Estimates
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How Many Households Are Priced Out By Higher Mortgage Rates in 2022?
How Many Households Are Priced Out By Higher Mortgage Rates in 2022?
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Pyramid Shows 36 Million Households Cannot Afford a $150,000 Home
Pyramid Shows 36 Million Households Cannot Afford a $150,000 Home
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Households Priced Out by Higher Interest Rates
Households Priced Out by Higher Interest Rates
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NAHB 2022 “Priced Out” Estimates
NAHB 2022 “Priced Out” Estimates
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Age of Housing Stock
Age of Housing Stock by State
Age of Housing Stock by State
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Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
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Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
Almost Half of the Owner-Occupied Homes Built Before 1980
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The Age of the U.S. Housing Stock
The Age of the U.S. Housing Stock
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Age of Housing Stock by State
Age of Housing Stock by State
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The Aging Housing Stock
The Aging Housing Stock
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The Aging Housing Stock
The Aging Housing Stock
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Inadequate Shelter: Millions of U.S. Homes Fail to Meet Standards
Inadequate Shelter: Millions of U.S. Homes Fail to Meet Standards
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Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2024
Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2024
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Manufactured Homes: An Alternative Means of Housing Supply
Manufactured Homes: An Alternative Means of Housing Supply
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Manufactured Homes: Shipments, Prices, and Characteristics in 2023
Manufactured Homes: Shipments, Prices, and Characteristics in 2023
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Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2023
Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2023
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Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2022
Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2022
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Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing In 2021
Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing In 2021
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The Nation’s Stock of Second Homes
The Nation’s Stock of Second Homes
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The Nation’s Stock of Second Homes
The Nation’s Stock of Second Homes
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Demolition Activity Slows Down But Remains Above Pre-Pandemic Levels
Demolition Activity Slows Down But Remains Above Pre-Pandemic Levels
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About 7% of New Homes Are Teardowns
About 7% of New Homes Are Teardowns
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Nine Percent of New Homes Are Teardowns
Nine Percent of New Homes Are Teardowns
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Home Improvement Loan Applications
2024 Home Improvement Loan Applications: A State- and County-Level Analysis
2024 Home Improvement Loan Applications: A State- and County-Level Analysis
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Home Improvement Loan Applications Moderate as Borrower Profile Gradually Ages
Home Improvement Loan Applications Moderate as Borrower Profile Gradually Ages
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Bathroom Remodeling Is Most Common Project in 2025
Bathroom Remodeling Is Most Common Project in 2025
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Aging-in-Place Remodeling Work Fell While Familiarity and Receptiveness Remain High
Aging-in-Place Remodeling Work Fell While Familiarity and Receptiveness Remain High
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Grab Bars Remain the Most Common Aging-in-Place Remodel
Grab Bars Remain the Most Common Aging-in-Place Remodel
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Remodeling in 2021: Kitchens Edge Baths for Top Spot
Remodeling in 2021: Kitchens Edge Baths for Top Spot
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Remodelers on the Rise: How Renovation is Reshaping Residential Construction
Remodelers on the Rise: How Renovation is Reshaping Residential Construction
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Residential Remodelers Outnumber Single-family Builders in the U.S.
Residential Remodelers Outnumber Single-family Builders in the U.S.
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Age-Restricted Housing
17% of NAHB Builders Built Age-Restricted Housing in 2024
17% of NAHB Builders Built Age-Restricted Housing in 2024
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Characteristics of Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities
Characteristics of Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities
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Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities 
Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities 
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New Homes Same Size but Higher Priced if Age-Restricted
New Homes Same Size but Higher Priced if Age-Restricted
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Median Price of a New Age-Restricted Home Up to $472,000
Median Price of a New Age-Restricted Home Up to $472,000
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Property Taxes by State – 2024
Property Taxes by State – 2024
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State-Level Analysis of Canadian Softwood Lumber Trade
State-Level Analysis of Canadian Softwood Lumber Trade
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U.S. Trade Deficit: Balancing Act Still Yet to Appear
U.S. Trade Deficit: Balancing Act Still Yet to Appear
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Import Data for Residential Construction Materials
Import Data for Residential Construction Materials
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Property Taxes by State – 2023
Property Taxes by State – 2023
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CBO Boosts Deficit Estimate By 27%
CBO Boosts Deficit Estimate By 27%
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Community Associations on the Rise in 2023
Community Associations on the Rise in 2023
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Home Buyers Want Technology to Improve Energy Efficiency and Increase Safety
Home Buyers Want Technology to Improve Energy Efficiency and Increase Safety
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Two-Story Foyer Trend Declines in 2023
Two-Story Foyer Trend Declines in 2023
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Home Buyers Preferences for Window and Door Features
Home Buyers Preferences for Window and Door Features
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Where are Laundry Rooms Located? 
Where are Laundry Rooms Located? 
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Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms
Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms
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Home Sizes: Demand versus Supply
Home Sizes: Demand versus Supply
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Preference for New Homes Keeps Rising 
Preference for New Homes Keeps Rising 
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Top Compromises Buyers Will Make to Reach Homeownership
Top Compromises Buyers Will Make to Reach Homeownership
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Home Buyers’ Ideal Community
Home Buyers’ Ideal Community
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Buyer Preference for a Detached Home Remains Strong
Buyer Preference for a Detached Home Remains Strong
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Most Home Buyers Want One, Medium-Sized Home Office
Most Home Buyers Want One, Medium-Sized Home Office
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No National Consensus on Exterior Design Preference
No National Consensus on Exterior Design Preference
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Outdoor Features & a Laundry Room Among Most Wanted Features
Outdoor Features & a Laundry Room Among Most Wanted Features
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NAHB Releases What Home Buyers Really Want, Study Shows Buyers Want Smaller Homes
NAHB Releases What Home Buyers Really Want, Study Shows Buyers Want Smaller Homes
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Builders Identify Key Long-Term Forces Shaping Housing Demand and Industry Health
Builders Identify Key Long-Term Forces Shaping Housing Demand and Industry Health
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Builders’ Top Challenges for 2026
Builders’ Top Challenges for 2026
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Builders’ Use of Artificial Intelligence
Builders’ Use of Artificial Intelligence
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Aging-in-Place Remodeling Work Fell While Familiarity and Receptiveness Remain High
Aging-in-Place Remodeling Work Fell While Familiarity and Receptiveness Remain High
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Builders’ Top Challenges for 2025
Builders’ Top Challenges for 2025
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First-Time Buyer Share for New Homes is Slipping
First-Time Buyer Share for New Homes is Slipping
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Builders’ Top Challenges for 2024
Builders’ Top Challenges for 2024
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For Builders, Lot Shortage Eases But is Still a Problem
For Builders, Lot Shortage Eases But is Still a Problem
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Featured Studies

Our economists conduct in-depth research on a wide range of housing-related topics—from survey findings to policy analysis and beyond. These comprehensive studies offer detailed insights and are housed outside of EyeOnHousing.org. However, key highlights and summaries are posted here for quick access.     View all research 

Young Adults & the Construction Trades

This research sheds light on the attitudes of young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 toward the construction trades, and where possible, compares findings to a similar study conducted in 2016. Results are based on responses from 2,000 young adults.

Read Full Study→

 

What Drives Single-Family Home Values

NAHB analysis of the latest American Housing Survey reveals which physical features and neighborhood conditions materially boost single-family detached home values and by how much.

Read Full Study→

NAHB Priced-Out Estimates for 2026

Housing affordability remains a critical issue, with 65% of U.S. households unable to afford a median-priced new home in 2026, according to NAHB’s latest analysis.

Read Full Study→

Concentration of Large Builders in Metropolitan Markets: 2024 Update

NAHB analyzes data from Builder Magazine’s annual Local Leaders list, which ranks the top builders in the largest 50 markets, to illustrate the concentration and market shares of those builders. 

Read Full Study→

Buying Products for Home Building and Remodeling in 2024

NAHB surveyed its builder and remodeler members, asking them who is most often responsible for choosing the building products they use and where those products are purchased.

Read Full Study→

Cost of Constructing a Home in 2024​

The most recent Construction Cost survey (conducted in the fall of 2024 by NAHB) shows that, on average, 64.4% of the sales price of a new home is due to construction costs and 13.7% to finished lot costs. 

Read Full Study→

Housing Characteristics: Survey of Construction

Research leveraging Survey of Construction (SOC) microdata to analyze shifts in new home design, pricing, and buyer demographics in the residential construction market. View all posts

Community Associations: A Growing Trend in 2024
Community Associations: A Growing Trend in 2024
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Number of Bathrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2024
Number of Bathrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2024
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Share of New Homes with Decks Edges Lower
Share of New Homes with Decks Edges Lower
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Bedrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2024
Bedrooms in New Single-Family Homes in 2024
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Laundry Room Locations in New Homes and Apartments, 2024 
Laundry Room Locations in New Homes and Apartments, 2024 
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Two-Story Foyer Trend Stabilizes in 2024
Two-Story Foyer Trend Stabilizes in 2024
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Where are Porches Most Common for Newly-Built Homes?
Where are Porches Most Common for Newly-Built Homes?
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Custom Home Building Share Declines in 2024
Custom Home Building Share Declines in 2024
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Vinyl Surpasses Stucco as Most Used Principal Exterior Wall Material 
Vinyl Surpasses Stucco as Most Used Principal Exterior Wall Material 
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Shorter Apartment Construction Time in 2024
Shorter Apartment Construction Time in 2024
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Square Foot Prices Moderate in 2024
Square Foot Prices Moderate in 2024
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Characteristics of Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities
Characteristics of Homes Built in Age-Restricted Communities
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Single-Family Homes Are Built Faster in 2024
Single-Family Homes Are Built Faster in 2024
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Parking Trends in Newly Completed Single-Family Homes, 2024
Parking Trends in Newly Completed Single-Family Homes, 2024
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Share of New Homes with Patios Edges Down for First Time in Fifteen Years
Share of New Homes with Patios Edges Down for First Time in Fifteen Years
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HVAC in New Construction in 2024
HVAC in New Construction in 2024
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Wood-Framed Home Share Increased in 2024
Wood-Framed Home Share Increased in 2024
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Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2024
Market Share for Modular and Other Non-Site Built Housing in 2024
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