Inflation Continued to Slow, Setting Stage for Rate Cuts

Inflation eased further in August, reaching a new 3-year low despite persistent elevated housing costs. This inflation report is seen as the final key piece of data before the Fed’s meeting next week. The headline reading provides another dovish signal for future monetary policy, after recent signs of weakness in job reports.

Although shelter costs have been trending downward since peaking in early 2023, they continue to exert significant upward pressure on inflation, contributing over 70% of the total 12-month increase in core inflation. As consistent disinflation and a cooling labor market bring the economy into better balance, the Fed is likely to further solidify behind the case for rate cuts, which could help ease some pressure on the housing market.

Though shelter remains the primary driver of inflation, the Fed has limited ability to address rising housing costs, as these increases are driven by a lack of affordable supply and increasing development costs. Additional housing supply is the primary solution to tame housing inflation. However, the Fed’s tools for promoting housing supply are constrained.

In fact, further tightening of monetary policy would hurt housing supply because it would increase the cost of AD&C financing. This can be seen on the graph below, as shelter costs continue to rise at an elevated pace despite Fed policy tightening. Nonetheless, the NAHB forecast expects to see shelter costs decline further in the coming months, as an additional apartment supply reaches the market.  This is supported by real-time data from private data providers that indicate a cooling in rent growth.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by 0.2% in August on a seasonally adjusted basis, the same increase as in July. Excluding the volatile food and energy components, the “core” CPI increased by 0.3% in August, after a 0.2% increase in July.

The price index for a broad set of energy sources fell by 0.8% in August, with declines in electricity (-0.7%), gasoline (-0.6%) and natural gas (-1.9%). Meanwhile, the food index rose 0.1%, after a 0.2% increase in July. The index for food away from home increased by 0.3% while the index for food at home remained unchanged.

The index for shelter (+0.5%) continued to be the largest contributor to the monthly increase in all items index. Other top contributors that rose in August include indexes for airline fares (+3.9%) and motor vehicle insurance (+0.6%). Meanwhile, the top contributors that experienced a decline include indexes for used cars and trucks (-1.0%), household furnishings and operations (-0.3%), medical care (-0.1%) and communication (-0.1%). The index for shelter makes up more than 40% of the “core” CPI. The index saw a 0.5% rise in August, following an increase of 0.4% in July. The indexes for owners’ equivalent rent (OER) increased by 0.5% and rent of primary residence (RPR) rose by 0.4% over the month. These gains have been the largest contributors to headline inflation in recent months.

During the past twelve months, on a non-seasonally adjusted basis, the CPI rose by 2.5% in August, following a 2.9% increase in July. This was the slowest annual gain since February 2021. The “core” CPI increased by 3.2% over the past twelve months, the same increase as in July. The food index rose by 2.1%, while the energy index fell by 4.0%, ending five consecutive months of year-over-year increases for the energy index since February 2024.

NAHB constructs a “real” rent index to indicate whether inflation in rents is faster or slower than overall inflation. It provides insight into the supply and demand conditions for rental housing. When inflation in rents is rising faster than overall inflation, the real rent index rises and vice versa. The real rent index is calculated by dividing the price index for rent by the core CPI (to exclude the volatile food and energy components).

In August, the Real Rent Index rose by 0.1%, after a 0.3% increase in July. Over the first eight months of 2024, the monthly growth rate of the Real Rent Index averaged 0.1%, slower than the average of 0.2% in 2023.